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BIOL 1000. Special Topics in Biology. (1‑4) Prerequisites: vary with course. Special topics for non‑majors in Biology. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. Lecture hours and laboratory hours vary by courses taught. (On demand) BIOL 1110. Principles of Biology I. (3) BIOL 1110L. Introduction to biology for non‑majors. Fundamental principles of life with a human emphasis. Not accepted toward the major in Biology. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 1110L. Principles of Biology I Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 1110. One laboratory period of three hours a week. Not accepted toward the major in Biology. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 1115. Principles of Biology II. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 1110 or permission of instructor. Continuation of BIOL 1110 for non-majors. Fundamental principles of life with a human emphasis. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 1259. Bacteriology. (3) Prerequisite: one semester of chemistry. Basic physiology of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, with emphasis on host‑parasite interaction and control and epidemiology of infectious diseases. Not accepted toward the major in Biology. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 1259L. Bacteriology Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 1259. One laboratory period of three hours a week. Not accepted toward the major in Biology. Attendance mandatory for safety training. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 1273. Human Anatomy and Physiology. (3) Prerequisites: CHEM 1203, 1204. Fundamentals of the anatomy and physiology of the human body. Not accepted toward the major in Biology. (Fall, Summer) BIOL 1273L. Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 1273. One laboratory period of three hours a week. Not accepted toward the major in Biology. (Fall, Summer) BIOL 1274. Human Anatomy and Physiology II. (3) Prerequisite: A grade of C or better in BIOL 1273. Continuation of BIOL 1273. Not accepted toward the major in Biology. Students cannot receive credit for both BIOL 1274 and BIOL 3273. (Spring, Summer) BIOL 1274L. Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory II. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 1274. One laboratory period of three hours a week. Not accepted toward the major in Biology. (Spring, Summer) BIOL 2000. Special Topics in Biology. (1‑4) Prerequisites: vary with course. Special introductory topics for biology majors. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. Lecture hours and laboratory hours will vary with the courses taught. (On demand) BIOL 2120. General Biology I. (3) Prerequisite: none. Co-requisite: BIOL 2120L. Origin and early evolution of life, basic principles of chemistry, cell biology, and development. Three lecture periods per week. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 2120L. General Biology I Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite and/or corequisite: BIOL 2120. Experimental lab covering osmosis, enzyme activity, photosynthesis, cell division, inheritance. One three-hour laboratory period per week. (Fall, Summer) BIOL 2130. General Biology II. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2120 and BIOL 2120L; corequisite: BIOL 2130L. Ecology, evolution, biodiversity, plant and animal structure and function. Three lecture periods per week. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 2130L. General Biology II Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite and/or corequisite: BIOL 2120, and BIOL 2120L; corequisite/prerequisite: BIOL 2130. Population ecology, evolution, phylogenetics, invertebrate biology, animal and plant physiology. One three-hour laboratory period per week. (Spring, Summer) BIOL 3000. Special Topics in Biology. (1‑4) Prerequisite: vary with course. Special topics for intermediate level majors in Biology. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. Lecture hours and laboratory hours will vary with the courses taught. (On demand) BIOL 3111. Cell Biology. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130 + lab. Prerequisite or corequisite: CHEM 2131 + lab. Structure and function of cells. Biomolecular structures and their interactions including membranes, proteins and nucleic acids. (Fall, Spring) BIOL 3111. Cell Biology. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130 + lab. Prerequisite or corequisite: CHEM 2130 or 2131. Structure and function of cells. Biomolecular structures and their interactions including membranes, proteins and nucleic acids. (Fall, Spring) BIOL 3111L. Cell Biology Laboratory. (1) (W) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 3111. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (Fall, Spring) BIOL 3144. Ecology. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130; prerequisite or corequisite: CHEM 2130 or 2131. Interrelationships of organisms and their environment. (Fall, Spring) BIOL 3144L. Ecology Laboratory. (1) (W) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 3144. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (Fall, Spring) BIOL 3161. Introduction to Biotechnology. (3) An overview of basic molecular biology, techniques, and uses of biotechnology tools in environmental and biomedical fields. Three lecture hours per week. (Spring) BIOL 3166. Genetics. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130; prerequisite or corequisite: CHEM 2130 or 2131. Basic concepts of heredity; principles of classical, molecular, and population genetics. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 3166L. Genetics Laboratory. (1) (W) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 3166. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (Fall, Spring) BIOL 3202. Horticulture. (3) (W) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130. Principles of horticulture, greenhouse management, environmental factors, production, and maintenance of cultivars, and landscaping. (Fall) BIOL 3202L. Horticulture Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 3202. Greenhouse work, plant identification, and field trips. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (Fall) BIOL 3215. Economic Botany. (3) (W) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130. Origins of agricultural plants; history of use and misuse of plants by humans; consideration of major groups of crop, spice, medicinal, and drug plants. (Spring) BIOL 3222. General Botany. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130. Morphology, physiology, reproduction, phylogeny, and ecology of plants. Students may not receive credit for both BIOL 1222 and BIOL 3222. (On demand) BIOL 3222L. General Botany Laboratory. (1) Corequisite or prerequisite: BIOL 3222. One laboratory period of three hours a week. Students may not receive credit for both BIOL 1222L and BIOL 3222L. (On demand) BIOL 3229. Field Botany. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130 and consent of Department. A field course stressing identification, classification and habitat of the vascular plants, particularly of the Piedmont, but also including the Coastal Plain and the mountains of North Carolina. Six hours a day for 10 days. (Summer) BIOL 3231. Invertebrate Zoology. (4) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130. Taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, and life histories of selected invertebrates. Three lecture hours and one laboratory period of three hours a week. (On demand) BIOL 3233. Vertebrate Zoology. (4) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130. Taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, and life histories of vertebrates. Three lecture hours and one laboratory period of three hours a week. (Fall) BIOL 3234. Field Entomology. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130 or consent of Department. A field course stressing identification and ecology of insects of the Piedmont of North Carolina. Six hours a day for 10 days. (Summer) BIOL 3235. The Biology of Insects. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130. or consent of Department. The anatomy, physiology, development, behavior, ecology, and medical and economic importance of insects. (On demand) BIOL 3236. General Zoology. (3) Prerequisites: BIOL 2130. The morphology, function, development, phylogeny, and ecology of the principal invertebrate and vertebrate types. Credit cannot be received for both BIOL 1233 and BIOL 3236. (On demand) BIOL 3236L. General Zoology Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or co-requisite: BIOL 3236. One laboratory period of three hours a week. Credit cannot be received for both BIOL 1233L and BIOL 3236L. (On demand) BIOL 3271. Cellular Neuroscience. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130 (Biology majors), PSYC 3113 (Psychology majors) or consent of Department. Physiology and biophysics of neurons synapses and principles of neural development and neural plasticity. (Fall) BIOL 3271L. Neuroscience Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 3271. Principles of excitability and synaptic function; neuroanatomy; neural system functions, and behavior investigated non-invasive experimentation with humans and animals. (Fall) BIOL 3272. Plant Physiology. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130; prerequisite or corequisite: CHEM 2130 or 2131. Metabolic and physiological processes of plants and conditions which affect or regulate these processes. (On demand) BIOL 3272L. Plant Physiology Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 3272. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (On demand) BIOL 3273. Animal Physiology. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130, BIOL 3111; prerequisite or corequisite: CHEM 2130 or 2131. Fundamental control mechanisms that operate to maintain the homeostatic state. Note: Students who plan to attend professional schools that require Human Anatomy and Physiology, BIOL 1272/1273L & BIOL 1274/1274L, for admission may substitute these two courses and two labs for BIOL 3273/3273L (4hours, 1 lab), but only if their grades in all four courses are B or better. (Fall, Spring) BIOL 3273L. Animal Physiology Laboratory. (1) (W) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 3273. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (Fall, Spring) BIOL 3274. Systems Neuroscience. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130 (Biology majors), PSYC 3113 (Psychology majors) or equivalent. Review of neuron excitability and synaptic function; physiology of the main functional systems: sensory, motor, homeostatic/affective, and gnostic; system-level origins of learning, memory, and consciousness. (Spring) BIOL 3405. Internship in Community Education and Service. (1-3) Prerequisites: junior standing, acceptance into program and approval of department. A project-oriented, service-learning internship with a community organization. The Department of Biology has the option of recognizing this credit as fulfilling departmental requirements and granting permission to repeat credit. Maximum credit toward major is two hours for B.A. and three hours for B.S. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 3500. Biology Cooperative Education or 49ership Experience. (0) Prerequisite: approval by the Department and the University Career Center. Required of students participating in the 49ership or Cooperative Education Program during the semesters in which they are working. Participating students pay a registration fee for transcript notation (49ership and coop) and receive full-time student status (co-op only). Assignments must be arranged and approved in advance. Course may be repeated; evaluation is Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory. For more information, contact the University Career Center. (Fall, Spring) BIOL 3800. Tutorial in Biology. (1-4) Prerequisite: Consent of Department. Enables junior and senior biology majors to engage in directed study in their fields of interest. Maximum credit toward major: one hour for B.A.; two hours for B.S. May be repeated for credit. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 3900. Undergraduate Research. (1-4) Prerequisite: Consent of the Department. Enables junior and senior biology majors to initiate research projects in their respective fields of interest. Maximum credit toward major: two hours for B.A.; three hours for B.S. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. May substitute for only one lab. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 4000. Special Topics in Biology. (1‑4) Prerequisites and credit hours vary with topics. Special topics for advanced undergraduates. May be repeated for credit as topics vary. Lecture hours and laboratory hours will vary with the courses taught. (Fall, Spring) BIOL 4111. Evolution. (3) Prerequisites: BIOL 3166. Theories of evolution and forces which affect gene frequencies. (Fall) BIOL 4121. Biometry. (4) Prerequisite: one course in statistics. Design and analysis of experiments. Three lecture hours and one laboratory period of three hours a week. (Spring) BIOL 4144. Advanced Ecology. (4) (W) Prerequisite: BIOL 3144. Energy flow, nutrient cycles, community structure, population growth, and regulation. Three lecture hours and one laboratory period of three hours a week. (Alternate Spring) BIOL 4149. Limnology and Oceanography. (4) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130. Geological, physical, chemical, and biological aspects of lakes, streams, estuaries and oceans. Three lecture hours and one laboratory period of three hours a week. (Fall) BIOL 4162. Environmental Biotechnology I. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL3161 or BIOL3199. Applications of biotechnology to solve real-world environmental civil-engineering problems working in interdisciplinary teams. Three lecture hours per week. (Fall) BIOL 4163. Environmental Biotechnology II. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL3161 or BIOL3199 and permission of instructor. Applying biotechnology in the laboratory to solve real-world environmental civil-engineering problems working in teams. One laboratory period and two lecture hours per week. (Spring) BIOL 4167. Medical Genetics. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 3166. Detection of and insight into intrauterine, chromosomal, genic, and molecular abnormalities. ( Spring) BIOL 4168. Recombinant DNA Techniques. (4) Prerequisite: BIOL 3166 or CHEM 4165 and permission of the instructor. Modern molecular biological methods (such as DNA cloning, gel electrophoresis, nucleic acid hybridization, PCR, and DNA sequencing) data analysis and interpretation. Two lecture hour and two laboratory periods of three hours a week. (Fall) BIOL 4171. Cell Physiology. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 3111. The fundamental physiochemical properties of cells. (Spring) BIOL 4184. Plant Biotechnology. (3) Prerequisites: BIOL 3111, 3166 and CHEM 2132 or consent of Department. A laboratory‑oriented course designed to integrate plant molecular biology, recombinant DNA technology, and plant cell and tissue culture. One lecture hour and two laboratory periods of three hours a week. (On demand) BIOL 4189. Mechanisms in Development. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 4283 or permission of the Department. Cellular and molecular bases of differentiation; an exploration of the experimental analysis of causal and controlling factors in development. (Spring) BIOL 4199. Molecular Biology. (3) Prerequisites: BIOL 3111, 3166 and CHEM 2132. Structural and functional interaction of nucleic acids and proteins in the replication, transcription, and translation of genetic material. (Spring) BIOL 4205. Advanced Horticulture. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 3202. Topics in ornamental horticulture and landscaping, including greenhouse projects and field trips. Two lecture hours and three hours of lab a week. (Spring) BIOL 4221. Plant Systematics. (4) (W) Prerequisite: BIOL 3166. Identification and classification of vascular plants, including experimental concepts of speciation. Three lecture hours and one laboratory period of three hours a week. (Spring) BIOL 4223. Mycology. (3) (W) Prerequisites: BIOL 2130; Consent of department for graduate credit. Morphology, life cycles, ecology, taxonomy, medical importance, and economic significance of the fungi and organisms historically aligned with the fungi. (On demand) BIOL 4223L. Mycology Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 4223; Consent of department for graduate credit. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (On demand) BIOL 4229. Dendrology. (4) Prerequisite: BIOL 4221. The identification, structure, function, ecology, reproduction, and evolutionary relationships of woody plants. Three lecture hours and one three‑hour lab a week. (Fall) BIOL 4233. Parasitology. (3) Prerequisites: BIOL 2130. Morphology, life cycles, ecology, taxonomy, and medical and economic importance of parasites. Three lecture hours a week. (On demand) BIOL 4233L. Parasitology Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 4233. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (On demand) BIOL 4234. Wildlife Biology. (3) (W) Prerequisite: BIOL 3144. Concepts, principles and techniques of wildlife biology. Value, demography, management, and conservation. (On demand) BIOL 4234L. Wildlife Biology Laboratory. (1) Lab is required. One laboratory period of three hours a week plus field trips. (On demand) BIOL 4235. Mammalogy. (4) Prerequisite: BIOL 3233 or 4293. Taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, and life histories of the mammals. Three lecture hours and one laboratory period of three hours a week. (Fall) BIOL 4242. The Biology of Birds. (3). Prerequisite: BIOL 3144 or consent of department. Overview of general avian biology, including taxonomy and anatomy, but concentrating on behavior, ecology and conservation of birds. Focus will be on birds of the southeastern U.S. Three lecture hours and one laboratory period of three hours per week. (Spring) BIOL 4242L. The Biology of Birds Lab. (1). Meets for one three-hour period per week (Spring). The laboratory and field portion of the Biology of Birds will focus on field identification and inventory techniques, with an introduction to anatomy. Students will need binoculars. (Spring) BIOL 4243. Animal Behavior. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130. An ethological approach to how animals respond to their environment. Causation, development, and adaptive significance of behavior in social systems. (Fall) BIOL 4243L. Animal Behavior Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 4243. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (Fall) BIOL 4244. Conservation Biology. (3) (W) Prerequisite: BIOL 3144. Conservation values, extinction rates, genetic diversity, demography, habitat fragmentation, reserve management, ecological restoration. (Yearly) BIOL 4244L. Conservation Biology Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 4244. One laboratory period of three hours a week plus field trips. (Fall) BIOL 4250. Microbiology. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 3111. Morphology, physiology, pathogenicity, metabolism, and ecology of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. Aquatic, dairy, and food microbiology. (Fall, Spring) BIOL 4250L. Microbiology Laboratory. (1) (W) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 4250. One laboratory period of three hours a week. Attendance mandatory for safety training. (Fall, Spring) BIOL 4251. Immunology. (3) Prerequisites: BIOL 3166. Cellular, molecular and genetic basis for immunity; physical chemistry of antigens and antibodies and their interactions; defense mechanisms. (Spring) BIOL 4251L. Immunology Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 4251. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (Spring) BIOL 4253. Marine Microbiology. (4) Prerequisites: BIOL 4250 and 4250L. Bacteria, fungi and viruses of marine origin, and their response to the salt, temperature, pressure and nutrient environment of the ocean. Roles of marine microorganisms in public health, pollution and fouling. Three lecture hours and one laboratory period of three hours a week. (Spring) BIOL 4254. Epidemiology. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 1259 or 4250. History and practices of epidemiology with emphasis on modes of transmission of clinically important infectious agents and the analysis of epidemiological data. Three lecture hours a week. (On demand) BIOL 4255. Bacterial Genetics. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 3166 or consent of Department. Regulation of gene expression in bacterial systems. Bacteriophage genetics. DNA transfer in bacteria. (Spring) BIOL 4256. Pathogenic Bacteriology. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 4250. Cellular and molecular interactions of mammalian hosts with procaryotic parasites. (Fall) BIOL 4256L. Pathogenic Bacteriology Laboratory. (1) (W) Prerequisite: BIOL 4250L. Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 4256. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (Fall) BIOL 4257. Microbial Physiology and Metabolism. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 4250. Lectures in microbial metabolism and physiology, including such topics as bacterial nutrition, transport mechanisms, catabolism and energy production, biosynthesis, global regulation of gene expression. Three one-hour lectures per week. (Spring) BIOL 4257L. Microbial Physiology and Metabolism Lab. (1) Prerequisite or co-requisite: BIOL 4257. Laboratory exercises covering such topics in general microbiology as characterization of microbial growth, transport, preparation and use of cell-free systems, isolation and electrophoresis of periplasmic proteins, isolation and characterization of membrane lipids, and the polymerase chain reaction. One three-hour lab per week. (On demand) BIOL 4259. Virology. (3) Prerequisites: BIOL 4250, 4250L and CHEM 2132. Morphology, classification, genetics, and pathogenicity of bacterial and animal viruses. (Fall) BIOL 4259L. Virology Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 4259. One laboratory period of three hours per week. (On demand) BIOL 4260. Population Genetics. (3) Prerequisite: STAT 1221, BIOL 3166. The genetics of qualitative and quantitative traits in populations, including an assessment of the factors affecting the extent and pattern of the genetic variation in these traits. (On demand) BIOL 4277. Endocrinology. (3) Prerequisites: BIOL 3273. Endocrine glands and their physiological roles in metabolism, growth and reproduction. (Spring) BIOL 4277L. Endocrinology Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 4277. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (On demand) BIOL 4279. Neurobiology. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 3273. Physiology and anatomy of nervous systems, especially mammalian. (Spring) BIOL 4279L. Neurobiology Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 4279. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (Spring) BIOL 4282. Developmental Plant Anatomy. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130. Study of plant cells, tissues, organs, and patterns of growth and differentiation. (On demand) BIOL 4282L. Developmental Plant Anatomy Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 4282. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (On demand) BIOL 4283. Animal Development. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 3111. Developmental processes occurring chiefly during gametogenesis, fertilization, early embryogenesis, and organogenesis. (On demand) BIOL 4283L. Animal Development Laboratory. (1) Prerequisite or corequisite: BIOL 4283. One laboratory period of three hours a week. (On demand) BIOL 4291. Histology. (4) Prerequisite: BIOL 2130. Animal tissues and organs; techniques of preparing tissues for analysis. Three lecture hours and one laboratory period of three hours a week. (On demand) BIOL 4292. Advances in Immunology. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 4251 or consent of Department. Current topics in immunology with particular emphasis upon the genetic systems and molecular mechanisms underlying immune reactions. Additional work required by graduate students. (Fall) BIOL 4293. Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. (4) Prerequisite: BIOL 3111. Comparison of selected anatomical systems across vertebrates, with emphasis on evolution and functional analyses. Three hours of lecture and one laboratory period of three hours per week. (Spring) BIOL 4405. Internship/Laboratory Research. (1-3) Prerequisite: permission of the instructor, and permission of the Biotechnology Program director. A biotechnology-oriented internship with either an organization or within a biotechnology-related laboratory within the Departments of Biology, Civil Engineering, or Chemistry. This course is required to obtain a Minor in Biotechnology. (Spring, Summer, Fall) BIOL 4600. Senior Seminar. (1) (O,W) Prerequisite: Senior standing. Required of all majors. Student presentation of oral and written reports from pertinent biological literature. Exit exam for biology majors will be administered. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 4601. Honors Seminar. (2) (O,W) Open by invitation to juniors. Exploration of the nature of science, ethics in science, critical analysis, hypothesis testing and statistical analysis, peer review, and research skills. Students analyze professional research papers, present their analyses orally, select an Honors Advisor, and write a research proposal. Exit exam for biology majors will be administered. Two lecture hours with occasional additional hours to attend special lectures and seminars. (Spring) BIOL 4700. Honors Research I. (3) Prerequisite: BIOL 4601. Senior status. Independent Honors project: proposal, and research. By invitation. (Fall, Spring, Summer) BIOL 4701. Honors Research II. (3) (O,W) Prerequisite: BIOL 4700. Independent Honors project: thesis preparation and presentation of results. May be substituted for BIOL 4600 and for one lab. (Fall, Spring, Summer)
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